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星期五, 3月 27, 2009

經濟真的復甦嗎?

美國股市於低位反彈兩成,有很多專家包括麥僕斯都認為現在開始進入牛市,連李超人都叫人開始買股樓。近日香江的股市也興合合,在資金不斷流入的情況下,恆指於這個星期也升了10%,金管局更需要兩度入市沽港元。小羊本人也沒有頭緒,不如聽聽專家意見,等各位街坊參考一下:

1) 中國人壽:全球金融危機未見底
國壽副總裁劉家德認為,全球金融危機尚未見底,距離市場真正復甦還有一段時間。國壽於去年5月開始減少股票投資,也包括本港H股,以規避風險。劉家德說,最近A股和H股出現小陽春,主要受美股急彈,以及A、H股本身平均估值較低所帶動。但他認為,股市仍將呈震盪格局,因此國壽在固定收益的投資比例仍將保持在80%以上,股票及基金的投資比例則維持在相對較低水平,去年底為8%。

2) 華爾街日報:美國2月份儲蓄率為4.2%
由於收入下滑﹐美國2月份個人支出增速放緩﹐而儲蓄率卻升至歷史高位﹐主要因為人們紛紛將資金儲存起來以抵御經濟衰退的衝擊。美國商務部(Commerce Department)週五公佈﹐2月份個人支出較上月增長0.2%﹔1月份經修正後的個人支出為增長1.0%﹐初步數據為增長0.6%。經季節性因素調整後﹐2月份個人收入較上月下降0.2%﹔1月份經修正後的個人收入為增長0.2%﹐初步數據為增長0.4%。

數據啟示:以上數字說明佔美國GDP 70% 的消費將會減少。

3) 經濟日報:其它數據參考
有「新末日博士」之稱的紐約大學經濟學教授魯賓尼(Nouriel Roubini)本月初指出,現時全球經濟已進入U形衰退,並且有1/3的機會演變為L形衰退,即大蕭條。若能防止變成令人恐慌的L形衰退,股市才有機會出現持續性的復甦。美國近日公布的部分經濟數據表現理想,故令投資者憧憬美國經濟快要復甦。不過,投資者需留意相關數據參考性是否足夠。而要辨別經濟是否復甦,不妨透過已公布的經濟數據分析。

數據參考
i. 耐用品定單意外上升
美國2月份耐用品定單(Durable Goods Manufacturer' Orders)意外地較1月份上升3.4%,較預期的下跌2.5%理想,亦是7個月以來首次回升至正增長水平。耐用品定單數據之所以備受市場關注,是因為數據反映了經濟活動的強弱。耐用品是指能夠持續使用一段長時間(一般3年或以上)的貴價貨物,例如電腦、電器、汽車、商業用的機械等等。若耐用品定單下跌,意味企業對經濟前景缺乏信心,減少增加機械等投資,市民亦減少購買汽車、電器等貴價。在此情況下,製造業、零售及銷售業均會受到影響,經濟增長當然難有好表現。相反,當經濟蓬勃時,耐用品定單會隨之而上升。

數據啟示:數據波幅大難作準
上月美國耐用品定單雖錄得強勁升幅,但從歷史數據可見,耐用品定單的波動性較大,故難以以此判斷經濟是否有所改善。

ii. 新屋銷售回升
經季節性調整的新屋銷售(New Home Sales)數字,較1月份上升4.7%至年率33.7萬間,較預期下降至30萬間理想。此外,2月份經季節性調整的新屋動工量亦由1月份的年率47.7萬間回升至58.3萬間。新屋與二手樓銷售量不但反映市場對樓市的需求,更可顯示經濟狀況。市民對經濟前景充滿信心,才會入市買樓,令房屋銷售量上升,反之亦然。此外,新屋動工量更是經濟領先指標其中之一,於經濟周期初段,建造業增長便開始起動。新屋動工量上升,意味着會創造大量建造業相關職位,改善就業情況,而當工人取得薪金後,便會增加消費。此外,當發展商出售住宅後,創造盈利,便有機會增加投資,帶動經濟增長。而是次新屋及二手樓銷售及動工量的數據受到重視,是因為是次經濟衰退的問題起源是樓市下滑,因此除非樓市回升及斷供數字減少,加上金融業體系回復正常,否則美國經濟難言走出谷底。

數據啟示:或只屬反彈
2月份房屋銷售、動工量等錄得升幅雖然是好兆頭,但卻不代表樓市已經見底。事實上,新屋銷售量自05年7月份創出138.9萬間後便反覆下挫,跌至09年的32.2萬間,跌幅巨大,偶有反彈亦不出奇。而07年以來,新屋銷售量亦曾經出現過數次反彈,但反彈過後卻繼續下挫。若要判斷樓市是否見底,宜需觀察多月數據才能作準。

iii. 製造業指數於低位徘徊
要掌握經濟復甦時機,不得不留意兩個重要的領先指標:芝加哥採購經理指數(PMI)及ISM製造業指數。2月份的芝加哥採購經理指數由1月份的新低33.3回升至34.2,並高於預期的33;而2月份的ISM製造業指數亦輕微回升至35.8,較預期的33.8為佳,反映美國製造業走下坡的情況略為改善。雖然如此,兩個指數中,就業數據都反映就業市場仍在惡化。芝加哥採購經理指數會以芝加哥地區的製造業及服務業為調查對象,但普遍認為該以涵蓋製造業為主,而投資界相信這個指數是ISM製造業指數的領先指標。至於ISM製造業指數調查範圍則覆蓋全個美國逾300個廠商,其調查內容有5個範疇:1)就業;2)生產;3)新定單;4)物料供應;5)存貨。PMI是反映全國經濟活動的重要領先指標,它之所以重要,是由於數據除了反映製造業的盛衰,更反映市場對經濟前景的信心。兩個指數均透過訪問形式調查廠商對前景的看法,50為兩個指數的分水嶺,若指數處於50以上,反映製造業市場正在擴張,GPD處於健康水平;而處於50以下的指數則表示製造業正在收縮。另外,若指數在42.7至50之間,製造業雖然收縮,但GDP通常仍會緩慢增長,若跌穿42.7,GDP則通常會出現負增長。

數據啟示:製造業仍在收縮
1月及2月份芝加哥採購經理指數及ISM製造業指數仍在低位徘徊,未見顯著回升,加上目前兩個指數仍低於42.7,輕言經濟復甦似乎太早。

﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏

總結:小心跌入熊市反彈陷阱
上述的數據顯示美國經濟短期內似乎未有繼續惡化,然而,現階段談經濟復甦似乎言之尚早。在經濟未確認復甦前,股市上升隨時有機會是另一個熊市陷阱,投資者應小心為上。

星期四, 3月 26, 2009

信不信由你

股市近日有回穩跡象,雖然實體經濟還未復蘇,但在各國政府大舉注資入市場的情況下,連末日博士麥嘉華都話牛市將重臨,市場併購活動亦有轉活跡象 (例如匯源果汁重新標售及肯得基/Pizza Hut股東 美國百勝集團入股小肥羊),某大行又話恆指見萬六點,而美國ADR就有匯控86港元的6月認購期權。個市真係掂?木宰羊。

查實成日聽人講金融海嘯有第二波、第三波,但個個人都咁諗,而各國政府又有防範 (起碼不會讓雷曼破產再發生),第二波第三波又會否出現?

[摘自經濟日報]
ADR期權異動 6月造價達86元
滙豐控股(00005)在美國掛牌的預託證券(ADR)認購期權走勢,出現異常情況,6月份新開出的合約,行使價竟然高達55美元(若以1兌5計、折合本港造價約85.8港元),意味大戶對賭該股在未來兩個月,隨時有高達87%的升幅。滙豐自月初低位大幅反彈接近5成,外圍期權造價更恍如脫韁野馬,敦沛期貨行政總裁丁世民指出,新開的6月份ADR認購期權,在50美元至55美元有達3,500張成交,當中又以55美元的成交最為活躍。

瑞銀稱估值便宜 維持買入
瑞銀昨發表報告,指滙豐「擯走」滙豐融資後,令集團可重返2002年前「貸款低、抗風險」的狀態。滙豐今次供股融資所得資本,可彌補滙豐融資及可供出售證券(AFS)損失成本。瑞銀估計,滙豐未來3年在滙豐融資錄得稅前虧損達200億美元(約1,560億港元),但消耗資本約50億美元,遠低於以按市值計價(mark-to-market)而錄得的400億美元損失。 瑞銀又指,滙豐現價相等於經調整有形資產淨值0.9倍,股息率約6%,估值屬便宜,維持「買入」投資評級,目標價520便士(約59.2港元)。

星期六, 3月 07, 2009

金融危機4部曲

<貨幣戰爭> 一書的作者宋鴻兵曾提出金融危機四部曲,現在趁著匯控及道指齊齊創出近年新低,和各位街坊重溫一下,所謂留得青山在,哪怕無柴燒:

金融危機四部曲:
第一階段:兩房次按地震
從2007年2月至2008年8月,美國房地美、房利美陷破產邊緣,難以為繼。

第二階段:海嘯三倍高浪
從2008年6月至2009年上半年,規模達62萬億美元的CDS市場發生違約危機;如果說金融海嘯第一波浪高60米的話,第二波會達180米,直接損失是第一波的3倍。

第三階段:利率火山爆發
信貸全面緊縮造成長期貸款利率飄升,進而引發規模將近600萬億美元的利率掉期市場出現危機。

第四階段:美元陷冰河期
這時全球美元資產將出現信心危機,從而動搖美元世界儲備貨幣的地位。

而第二波的出現有3大預兆,包括道指單日跌幅達400點、企業債券違約率急升,以及美國大型對沖基金及保險公司倒閉潮再現。

解決方法
宋鴻兵提出「三三制」,即投資外匯、人民幣資產及黃金。

星期四, 2月 26, 2009

黑 天 鵝

《 黑 天 鵝 》 作 者 : 安 度 海 嘯 才 算 黑 天 鵝

【 蘋果日報綜合報道】 早 在 07 年 8 月 全 球 信 貸 危 機 突 然 惡 化 前 3 個 月 , 著 名 作 家 塔 雷 伯 ( Nassim Taleb ) 的 著 作 《 黑 天 鵝 》 出 版 , 提 醒 投 資 者 要 及 早 提 防 一 些 看 似 不 可 能 發 生 、 但 總 有 可 能 發 生 的 事 , 日 前 他 又 警 告 , 這 場 金 融 危 機 較 1930 年 代 的 經 濟 大 蕭 條 更 難 處 理 , 部 份 銀 行 更 可 能 被 國 有 化 , 更 直 言 這 場 金 融 海 嘯 不 算 黑 天 鵝 , 「 若 大 家 能 安 然 度 過 這 場 危 機 , 才 算 是 黑 天 鵝 。 」 塔 雷 伯 日 前 接 受 彭 博 電 視 訪 問 時 表 示 , 現 時 的 金 融 體 系 更 為 複 雜 , 加 上 華 爾 街 大 行 過 去 數 年 派 發 豐 厚 花 紅 , 鼓 勵 金 融 從 業 員 忽 視 可 能 出 現 的 損 失 , 而 勇 於 承 擔 風 險 , 這 些 因 素 是 當 前 經 濟 問 題 會 較 1930 年 代 經 濟 萎 縮 更 嚴 重 的 主 因 。

黑 天 鵝 喻 罕 見 而 出 乎 意 料
所 謂 黑 天 鵝 , 是 指 一 些 看 似 不 可 能 , 卻 意 外 發 生 的 事 , 而 其 影 響 亦 相 當 強 大 。 歐 洲 人 在 18 世 紀 前 只 知 所 有 天 鵝 都 是 白 色 , 直 到 發 現 澳 洲 , 才 知 天 鵝 也 有 黑 色 , 遂 引 發 「 任 何 事 都 可 能 」 的 信 念 , 此 後 , 黑 天 鵝 被 喻 為 不 吉 利 的 象 徵 , 其 出 現 意 味 世 界 發 生 劇 變 。

倡 多 持 現 金 或 買 國 庫 券
在 股 市 有 豐 富 操 盤 經 驗 的 塔 雷 伯 , 經 常 以 實 例 說 明 股 市 千 變 萬 化 , 遂 提 醒 投 資 者 要 小 心 , 並 暗 示 人 生 無 常 。 《 黑 天 鵝 》 闡 述 許 多 人 類 歷 史 的 重 大 轉 折 , 都 是 由 完 全 意 想 不 到 的 事 件 所 引 發 。 雖 然 黑 天 鵝 是 指 罕 見 而 出 乎 意 料 的 事 , 但 塔 雷 伯 說 , 這 場 金 融 海 嘯 不 算 是 黑 天 鵝 , 反 而 「 若 大 家 能 安 然 度 過 這 場 危 機 , 才 算 是 黑 天 鵝 」 。 他 稱 , 與 經 濟 大 蕭 條 相 比 , 這 場 金 融 危 機 截 然 不 同 , 需 要 更 落 力 處 理 。 對 於 如 何 應 付 日 漸 複 雜 而 詭 譎 多 變 的 投 資 市 場 , 塔 雷 伯 月 前 接 受 訪 問 時 建 議 , 應 把 大 部 份 ( 約 80% 至 90% ) 資 產 配 置 在 現 金 或 國 庫 券 等 極 為 安 全 的 資 產 上 , 並 把 其 他 資 金 投 入 高 風 險 資 產 , 因 即 使 賺 取 的 利 息 不 足 以 抵 銷 通 脹 , 但 最 終 仍 能 靠 高 風 險 資 產 取 得 較 高 回 報 , 而 不 致 一 敗 塗 地 。

星期三, 2月 25, 2009

大蕭條時期的投資

有專家經常拿今次的金融海嘯與1930年代的經濟大蕭條相比,華爾街日報早前便和芝加哥大學作出一個簡單的研究,假設於1930年1月1日開始投資,應該投資於哪些股份才可以獲厚利。答案會是令人失望,因為由1930年至1932年可謂完全沒有投資避風港,就算是股神巴菲特的師父 Benjamin Graham 也要輸掉六成身家,唯一有正回報的就只有伐木及一些『平價壞習慣』的消費股如香煙、糖等。當然今時不同往日,在今次的金融海嘯中,就有專家推薦有品牌而少負債的公司、非煙草的『平價壞習慣』公司如汽水零食等,及公司債券 (股神巴菲特就買了很多)。 準不準?木宰羊。

(From Wall Street Journal)


1930s Lessons: Brother, Can You Spare a Stock?
By JASON ZWEIG

In the worst of times, which are the best of stocks?




So many readers have emailed me to warn that we are going into another Great Depression that I decided to find out which companies and sectors did best after the Crash of 1929. With the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index down 39% last year and another 8.5% this year, it can't hurt to learn what separated the winners from the losers back then.

The good news is that some stocks and industries did indeed do much better than average. The bad news is that the average was ghastly, and even the best stocks had three rotten years in a row. With the help of the Center for Research in Security Prices, or CRSP, at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business, I sought to answer this question: If you had invested on Jan. 1, 1930, after the crash already had destroyed a third of the stock market's value, where would you have gotten the greatest gains?

The short answer: In 1930, 1931 and 1932, nowhere. There was no real refuge in the storm; even Benjamin Graham, the great value investor, lost 60% over those three years. According to CRSP, only one industry had positive returns from 1930 through 1932: logging. The two stocks in that tiny sector, Diamond Match and Mengel Co., whittled out a cumulative gain of 40% for the three-year period. Diamond turned timber into matchsticks; Mengel made trees into packing materials, primarily for daily necessities like tobacco and soap.

To find a major sector with significantly positive returns, CRSP needed to stretch our measurement period into a fourth year, 1933, when the market finally rebounded partway from its earlier losses by rising a record 54%. Even then, out of 120 industries, only 13 managed to generate gains from 1930 through 1933.

The only clear winner: cheap vices. Among the sectors with positive returns were cigarettes, cigars and tobacco, sugar and confectionery products, and fats and oils, which each gained between 1.6% and 7.5% annually. Those gains were better than they look, because deflation raised their purchasing power by an annual average of more than 6% over this period. It seems there was good money to be made investing in guilty pleasures that people could afford even in the hardest of times: sweets, smokes and fried food.

Of course, some of the industries in the CRSP sample scarcely exist today. It doesn't do us much good to learn that we could have earned a 5.9% annualized return by investing in leather tanning and finishing stocks, for example.

And the agriculture-and-commodity-based economy of the 1920s and 1930s was quite different from today's world. Barrie Wigmore is a retired investment banker at Goldman Sachs Group Inc. whose book "The Crash and Its Aftermath" is an indispensable guide to the stock market during the Depression. He says: "The truth is, we're really in no man's land. We've never been here before. It's much more important to focus on the variables that we really know today without cluttering your mind up with comparisons to the Depression."

What we do know, Mr. Wigmore says, is that consumers and corporations alike will be compelled to deleverage in the years to come. He sees three obvious opportunities.

First would be the shares of great brand-name companies with manageable levels of debt, like Amazon.com, Google, Nikeand United Parcel Service, but only when they are at least as cheap as they were last fall.

Second, you might consider the stocks of firms that enable consumers to indulge in cheap vices. Avoid tobacco companies, which often combine huge legal liabilities with too much leverage, and brewers and distillers, which also tend to carry too much debt. But companies like Costco Wholesale, where consumers can buy snacks and candy by the crate, and PepsiCo, which spews out soda pop and corn chips, might fit the bill.

What if, like me, you keep most of your stock money in index funds? Mr. Wigmore has been diversifying into intermediate-term, investment-grade corporate bonds, which still offer attractive yields relative to Treasury securities. Corporate bonds returned 6.7% a year from 1930 through 1933, a return effectively doubled by deflation over the same period. Even if we dodge another Depression, today's yields on corporate bonds should make them a deal.




星期日, 2月 22, 2009

歷史重演

[摘自經濟日報]

1873年蕭條 靠罐頭復甦
隨着金融海嘯的深化,愈來愈多人將今次危機與上世紀30年代的大蕭條比較,反而1873年觸發的另一次蕭條較少人注意,但原來該次危機與今次更相似,同樣出現樓市泡沫爆破及金融危機的病徵,至於當時美國的脫困之道,更叫人意想不到,竟然是靠罐頭!

今昔危機 同歸咎物業按揭
1873年至1879年的蕭條,歷時65個月,較大蕭條更長,故又稱為長蕭條(Long Depression),其間美國的失業率一度高見14%,部分地區如波士頓及紐約更高達25%,而且影響範圍遍及歐美,可算是一次全球性的危機。回到案發現場,其病源竟然與今次非常相似,都是因為一種剛剛出現的金融創新——物業按揭,當時按揭是歐洲銀行大力推動的借貸方式,這種新式借貸的出現,令更多人可以置業,結果令不少歐洲大城市的樓價飈升,如維也納的樓價便在短時間內急升3倍。繁榮景況於1873年告終,維也納交易所於同年5月出現股災,及費城一家銀行倒閉,向當時的過熱經濟大潑冷水,大量壞帳及企業無力還債的事件隨之出現,令歐洲銀行的同業拆息急升。
由於當時的銀行業已很國際化,水緊的歐洲大陸銀行立即要求英國銀行提前償還貸款,令英國銀行又要急急向美國的鋼鐵公司及鐵路公司催債,在一環扣一環下,美國出現信貸緊縮的情況。
鐵路業當時還是新興行業,市場對其增長充滿憧憬,令鐵路公司炙手可熱,成為集資的寵兒,導致大量重複建設及引發惡性競爭,一旦被銀行追債便出現財困,此舉又令鐵路股佔很大比重的美股大瀉。

罐頭革命 鋼鐵農產需求殷
接下來的劇本,已大同小異,信貸緊縮、銀行及企業倒閉及負財富效應,引發通縮及需求下跌,失業急升,大量罷工及騷亂出現。那麼當時美國怎樣走出困局?按里昂證券引述歷史學者的說法,原來也是靠一項創新發明——罐頭食品,這項便宜方便的新產品一推出市場,便行銷全球,刺激起對美國的鋼鐵及農產品的需求,靠出口帶動美國復甦。今次美國衰退已整整1年,其影響已橫掃全球,曙光仍隱而未現,或許我們也需要另一次的「罐頭革命」,例如在綠色能源或生物科技有所突破,才能令經濟早日重生。
撰文:余家輝
欄名:國金札記

星期一, 10月 20, 2008

中信買外匯衍生工具輸百五億

#267 今日早上停牌,話有股價敏感事宜宣佈。果然貫徹中信一向的作風,給投資者及股東來一個 Halloween Surprise,話唔覺意虧損百五億,原先諗住做對沖 (但為何做單邊?未有解釋。),點知近期美元強勢,令雙節棍扑親自己個頭。看過電視及網上報導,覺得很撲朔迷離。疑點如下:

1) 為何訂立如此重要的合約,財務董事可以一個人話哂事?

2) 財務董事張立憲(副董事總經理)也非等閒之輩,他於一九九四年加入中信泰富前,曾為美國畢馬威會計師事務所之合夥人,專職於金融服務業方面,亦曾為該會計師行之中國業務總經理。而財務總監周志賢(執行董事) 於一九八七年加入中信香港前,曾從事執業會計事務及於香港一間具規模之上市公司負責財務管理。以他們的專業背景,很難相信他們沒有察覺當中風險。

3) 如果真的未經主席及董事總經理事先的批准而訂立這合約,那麼張立憲先生便有嫌疑,可能明益bankers,董事會應該向廉政公署備案,查明真相,為何僅要求他們請辭,不作追究?


搞到咁大鑊,我相信有人做了代罪羔羊,真正話事的人還安坐其大班椅,反正有阿媽打救,十年八年後又是一條好漢。主席先生的『彪炳』往績,以下可作參考。以今劑的虧損情況看,又一蒙牛洗倉翻版,明天復牌跌五成應該無得走雞。


經濟日報
中信買外匯衍生工具勁蝕百五億
2008年10月20日 星期一
中信泰富(00267)投資外匯累計期權(Accumulator)出現過百億元虧損。公司今日公布,原本訂立有關合約是希望對沖澳洲鐵礦項目的貨幣風險,但因金融海嘯令澳元大跌,公司出現高達147億元賬面虧損,及8.77億元已變現虧損。 中信泰富今日發出盈利警告,及向母公司北京中信取得一筆15億美元(117億港元)的備用信貸,以加強公司的周轉能力。 公司07年度賺108億元,換言之今次虧損已超過去年全年的盈利,及公司停牌前市值318億元近一半。中信泰富將於明日復牌,證券界已估計,中信泰富明日股價可能被洗倉,急瀉幅度可能達3成。 主席榮智健表示,集團高級管理層上月發現,有關合同的簽訂未經過恰當的審批,風險亦未得到正確的評估,因此代表董事會深表歉意。

交易未獲主席批淮 財務董事及財務總監辭職
集團於事件後已委任審核委員會進行獨立調查,發現財務董事在進行交易時未遵守集團的對沖風險政策,亦沒按一貫規定事先取得主席的批淮,財務總監沒有把關,將有關不尋常的交易上報主席。財務董事張立憲及財務總監周志賢已提出呈辭。 委員會認為,沒有理由相信事件涉及欺詐或其他不法行為。中信泰富是次簽訂的出事外匯衍生工具合約涉及4種,分別為澳元累計目標可贖回遠期合約、每日累計澳元遠期合約、雙貨幣累計目標可贖回遠期合約及人民幣累計目標可贖回遠期合約。有關合約的原理與坊間流行的「Accumulator」接近,例如涉資最多的澳元累計目標可贖回遠期合約,便訂明若澳元兌美元期內低於0.87,中信泰富便要每日以這個匯率買入貴澳元,最多要合共買入90.5億澳元,接貨期至2010年10月止。 由於過去兩月澳元大幅下挫,中信泰富的虧損亦突然大增,按今日上午的匯率計,其未變現虧損已達147億元。 公司披露,西澳洲鐵礦項目的資本開支需要16億澳元,加上相關營運開支每年最少需要10億澳元,不過公司單單就上述一種合約要接手的澳元最多便達90.5億澳元。 榮智健透露,將按市況,靈活處理手頭上的外匯合同,包括平倉、重組合約及接貨。


榮智健十年兩劫 母公司拔刀相助
2008年10月20日 星期一
中信泰富(00267)今次一鋪輸掉半壁江山,令母公司北京中信要出手營救,提供15億美元備用信貸應急.不過,這已不是母公司首次相助,遠在 10年前的亞洲金融風暴,管理層亦曾靠母公司安渡難關.
96年香港回歸前,香港經濟一片好景,主席榮智健及一眾管理層向北京中信提出增持中信泰富股份,當時北京中信同意以高達25%的折讓價,即相當每股33元,向一眾高層配售3.3億股中信泰富股份,其中榮智健便佔去2.9億股,令其持股量增加至18%,成為公司第二大股東。
97金融風暴 榮智健身家暴挫
不過,榮智健沒料到的是,這次「分身家」要付出沉重代價,97年金融風暴吹至亞洲,榮智健手持中信泰富的股份亦大幅貶值,由51.75元急跌至20.6元,以購入的3.3億股計算,足足蒸發100多億元市值。
當時有市場傳言指,榮智健收購股份時以股份抵押來作融資,結果在股價大幅下滑後被「追孖展」。其後坊間有一說法,指當時北京中信的董事長王軍,提出以3億美元(約23億港元)在市場掃貨穩定股價,及協助榮智健應付孖展,方才「擺平」事件。

星期日, 10月 12, 2008

10%美股市值低於流動現金

10%美股市值低於流動現金
2008年10月12日
明報專訊】1932年7月9日是華爾街最黯淡的一天﹕道指收報41.63,比3年前下跌了90%,全日成交量僅得可憐的23.5萬股。
不過就在道指跌見這個谷底前的8天,著名投資者格雷厄姆(Benjamin Graham,也就是後來股神巴菲特的啟蒙者)在《福布斯》發表文章,指股價已跌至完全不合理的地步,他發現每12間美國上市公司中,就有1間的總股值,比公司手上持有的現金及有價證券總值還要低。
華爾街過去數周股價暴跌,大家都在問:跌至哪個水平才見底?耶魯大學著名金融系教授席勒(Robert Shiller)參考格雷厄姆的計算方法,定出了名為「格雷厄姆市盈率」的指標,該指標是把主要企業股價除以它們過去10年的平均盈利,再經通脹因素調整後得出的。若以此方法套用到標普500指數,目前的格雷厄姆市盈率為15倍。
席勒分析了由1881年至今的標普500數據,得出格雷厄姆市盈率的平均值為16.3倍。二戰後,這個市盈率數值也曾試過多次跌穿10倍,最近一次是在1977至1984年間;而在1982年的7月及8月,更曾低見6.6倍。經一翻換算,在今次金融海嘯中,若格雷厄姆市盈率再度低見10倍和6.6倍,就意味道指將分別跌至6000點和4000點的水平,即美股可能再跌30%至50%。
但美股現在有跌至這個地步的可能嗎?席勒強調不想胡亂猜測。但值得注意的是,根據標普的Compustat研究分析,目前每10間上市公司中,就有1間的市值比公司所持的現金還要低,例如Charles Schwab公司手頭的現金,就有278億美元,但市值卻只得210億美元。情就像格雷厄姆在1932年所作的調查——市場太悲觀、錯誤判斷前景。
現「投降式拋售」 熊市將完
投資者仍處於無法面對輸大錢事實的心理狀態,但市場最終還是會經歷所謂的「投降式拋售」(capitulation)階段,而這個階段的出現,往往就是熊市結束的先兆。無人能知這階段何時才會出現,但也許離現在不會太遠。
華爾街日報

OCTOBER 11, 2008
What History Tells Us About the Market

The breathtakingly volatile week has left investors numb. A close study of the Great Crash, and the decades that followed, offers some unnerving context, and some reasons for optimism.
By
JASON ZWEIG

July 9, 1932 was a day Wall Street would never wish to relive. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 41.63, down 91% from its level exactly three years earlier. Total trading volume that day was a meager 235,000 shares. "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime," was one of the top songs of the year. Investors everywhere winced with the pain of recognition at the patter of comedian Eddie Cantor, who sneered that his broker had told him "to buy this stock for my old age. It worked wonderfully. Within a week I was an old man!"
The nation was in the grip of what U.S. Treasury Secretary Ogden Mills called "the psychology of fear." Industrial production was down 52% in three years; corporate profits had fallen 49%. "Many businesses are better off than ever," Mr. Cantor wisecracked. "Take red ink, for instance: Who doesn't use it?"
Banks had become so illiquid, and depositors so terrified of losing their money, that check-writing ground to a halt. Most transactions that did occur were carried out in cash. Alexander Dana Noyes, financial columnist at the New York Times, had invested in a pool of residential mortgages. He was repeatedly accosted by the ringing of his doorbell; those homeowners who could still keep their mortgages current came to Mr. Noyes to service their debts with payments of cold hard cash.

Just eight days before the Dow hit rock-bottom, the brilliant investor Benjamin Graham -- who many years later would become Warren Buffett's personal mentor -- published "Should Rich but Losing Corporations Be Liquidated?" It was the last of a series of three incendiary articles in Forbes magazine in which Graham documented in stark detail the fact that many of America's great corporations were now worth more dead than alive.
More than one out of every 12 companies on the New York Stock Exchange, Graham calculated, were selling for less than the value of the cash and marketable securities on their balance sheets. "Banks no longer lend directly to big corporations," he reported, but operating companies were still flush with cash -- many of them so flush that a wealthy investor could theoretically take over, empty out the cash registers and the bank accounts, and own the remaining business for free.
Graham summarized it this way: "...stocks always sell at unduly low prices after a boom collapses. As the president of the New York Stock Exchange testified, 'in times like these frightened people give the United States of ours away.' Or stated differently, it happens because those with enterprise haven't the money, and those with money haven't the enterprise, to buy stocks when they are cheap."
After the epic bashing that stocks have taken in the past few weeks, investors can be forgiven for wondering whether they fell asleep only to emerge in the waking nightmare of July 1932 all over again. The only question worth asking seems to be: How low can it go?
Make no mistake about it; the worst-case scenario could indeed take us back to 1932 territory. But the likelihood of that scenario is very much in doubt.

Robert Shiller, professor of finance at Yale University and chief economist for MacroMarkets LLC, tracks what he calls the "Graham P/E," a measure of market valuation he adapted from an observation Graham made many years ago. The Graham P/E divides the price of major U.S. stocks by their net earnings averaged over the past 10 years, adjusted for inflation. After this week's bloodbath, the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index is priced at 15 times earnings by the Graham-Shiller measure. That is a 25% decline since Sept. 30 alone.
The Graham P/E has not been this low since January 1989; the long-term average in Prof. Shiller's database, which goes back to 1881, is 16.3 times earnings.
But when the stock market moves away from historical norms, it tends to overshoot. The modern low on the Graham P/E was 6.6 in July and August of 1982, and it has sunk below 10 for several long stretches since World War II -- most recently, from 1977 through 1984. It would take a bottom of about 600 on the S&P 500 to take the current Graham P/E down to 10. That's roughly a 30% drop from last week's levels; an equivalent drop would take the Dow below 6000.
Could the market really overshoot that far on the downside? "That's a serious possibility, because it's done it before," says Prof. Shiller. "It strikes me that it might go down a lot more" from current levels.
In order to trade at a Graham P/E as bad as the 1982 low, the S&P 500 would have to fall to roughly 400, more than a 50% slide from where it is today. A similar drop in the Dow would hit bottom somewhere around 4000.
Prof. Shiller is not actually predicting any such thing, of course. "We're dealing with fundamental and profound uncertainties," he says. "We can't quantify anything. I really don't want to make predictions, so this is nothing but an intuition." But Prof. Shiller is hardly a crank. In his book "Irrational Exuberance," published at the very crest of the Internet bubble in early 2000, he forecast the crash of Nasdaq. The second edition of the book, in 2005, insisted (at a time when few other pundits took such a view) that residential real estate was wildly overvalued.

The professor's reluctance to make a formal forecast should steer us all away from what we cannot possibly know for certain -- the future -- and toward the few things investors can be confident about at this very moment. Strikingly, today's conditions bear quite a close resemblance to what Graham described in the abyss of the Great Depression. Regardless of how much further it might (or might not) drop, the stock market now abounds with so many bargains it's hard to avoid stepping on them. Out of 9,194 stocks tracked by Standard & Poor's Compustat research service, 3,518 are now trading at less than eight times their earnings over the past year -- or at levels less than half the long-term average valuation of the stock market as a whole. Nearly one in 10, or 876 stocks, trade below the value of their per-share holdings of cash -- an even greater proportion than Graham found in 1932. Charles Schwab Corp., to name one example, holds $27.8 billion in cash and has a total stock-market value of $21 billion.


Those numbers testify to the wholesale destruction of the stock market's faith in the future. And, as Graham wrote in 1932, "In all probability [the stock market] is wrong, as it always has been wrong in its major judgments of the future."
In fact, the market is probably wrong again in its obsession over whether this decline will turn into a cataclysmic collapse. Eugene White, an economics professor at Rutgers University who is an expert on the crash of 1929 and its aftermath, thinks that the only real similarity between today's climate and the Great Depression is that, once again, "the market is moving on fear, not facts." As bumbling as its response so far may seem, the government's actions in 2008 are "way different" from the hands-off mentality of the Hoover administration and the rigid detachment of the Federal Reserve in 1929 through 1932. "Policymakers are making much wiser decisions," says Prof. White, "and we are moving in the right direction."

Investors seem, above all, to be in a state of shock, bludgeoned into paralysis by the market's astonishing volatility. How is Theodore Aronson, partner at Aronson + Johnson + Ortiz LP, a Philadelphia money manager overseeing some $15 billion, holding up in the bear market? "We have 101 clients and almost as many consultants representing them," he says, "and we've had virtually no calls, only a handful." Most of the financial planners I have spoken with around the country have told me much the same thing: Their phones are not ringing, and very few of their clients have even asked for reassurance. The entire nation, it seems, is in the grip of what psychologists call "the disposition effect," or an inability to confront financial losses. The natural way to palliate the pain of losing money is by refusing to recognize exactly how badly your portfolio has been damaged. A few weeks ago, investors were gasping; now, en masse, they seem to have gone numb.
The market's latest frame of mind seems reminiscent of a passage from Emily Dickinson's poem "After Great Pain a Formal Feeling Comes":
This is the Hour of Lead -- Remembered, if outlived, As Freezing persons recollect the Snow -- First -- Chill -- then Stupor -- then the letting go.

This collective stupor may very likely be the last stage before many investors finally let go -- the phase of market psychology that veteran traders call "capitulation." Stupor prevents rash action, keeping many long-term investors from bailing out near the bottom. When, however, it breaks and many investors finally do let go, the market will finally be ready to rise again. No one can spot capitulation before it sets in. But it may not be far off now. Investors who have, as Graham put it, either the enterprise or the money to invest now, somewhere near the bottom, are likely to prevail over those who wait for the bottom and miss it.

星期四, 10月 09, 2008

十劑瑪琲 (續)

上回說到,患有絕症的病人接受過一連串的急救後,確實有點起色 (恆指兩天共反彈三千點) 及可以做 sit up,可惜事後證實乃迴光返照,終於虛脫及倒下 (今天恆指再跌一千三百多點至15431點),而且癌細胞有加速擴散的跡象 (從美國至歐洲,而冰島亦接近破產)。現在五勞七傷,今劑睇怕黃大仙都難救,重新投胎做人反而比較容易。

星期六, 10月 04, 2008

自欺欺人


美國似乎還未有吸取教訓,仍然希望粉飾其國王的新衣。



生果日報:
港 反 對 擱 置 市 價 入 賬

【 本 報 訊 】 美 國 參 議 院 通 過 的 救 市 方 案 中 , 有 關 擱 置 企 業 須 以 市 場 公 允 價 值 ( fair value ) 入 賬 的 規 例 , 觸 發 當 地 政 商 界 激 烈 爭 論 。 香 港 會 計 師 公 會 對 此 亦 極 度 關 注 , 表 示 不 贊 成 擱 置 以 市 場 公 允 值 入 賬 的 規 定 , 擔 心 投 資 美 國 資 產 的 投 資 者 , 將 面 對 更 大 風 險 。
憂 真 實 價 值 隱 藏   風 險 大
香 港 會 計 師 公 會 行 政 總 裁 張 智 媛 表 示 , 香 港 採 取 的 國 際 會 計 準 則 , 對 企 業 金 融 機 構 的 投 資 性 資 產 , 例 如 衍 生 工 具 、 視 作 買 賣 交 易 的 股 票 , 均 會 在 年 報 中 以 市 場 價 格 入 賬 , 以 反 映 其 價 值 , 因 而 亦 會 影 響 企 業 當 年 的 盈 利 表 現 ; 她 認 為 這 可 以 及 早 真 實 地 反 映 其 資 產 狀 況 。 美 國 的 會 計 準 則 原 本 亦 採 納 相 關 規 則 , 但 一 旦 救 市 方 案 通 過 後 而 要 擱 置 , 她 認 為 將 會 令 投 資 美 國 資 產 的 投 資 者 , 面 對 更 大 風 險 及 利 益 損 失 , 因 會 將 資 產 的 真 實 價 值 隱 藏 , 打 擊 投 資 者 信 心 。 對 於 美 國 一 些 衍 生 工 具 及 金 融 產 品 再 沒 有 市 場 交 易 , 她 贊 同 美 國 有 建 議 列 出 指 引 , 由 估 值 專 家 及 審 計 師 , 為 這 些 產 品 評 估 公 允 價 值 。

信貸緊縮

雖然各大央行不斷向市場注資,而香港也有任五招,但市場仍然資金緊張,以香港為例,一個月拆息仍然處於4.1厘的偏高水平。雖然美國有可能再次減息,但由於銀行間缺乏互信,風險溢價偏高,以致銀根不斷抽緊,此乃投資大忌。綜觀客觀形勢,小羊本人估計商品及資產價格將會繼續下跌,直至美國樓價見底及各銀行的資產負債表有improvement,才真正有條件轉勢,而銀根抽緊將加速對沖基金de-leveraging及倒閉。


經濟日報:
銀行信貸緊縮 加劇環球衰退
2008年10月4日 星期六
本港經濟受外圍拖累,有外資證券行大膽預測,香港經濟今年第四季開始連續兩季收縮,出現衰退。環球金融風暴將拆息大幅抽高、信貸緊縮加劇,正開始打擊環球實體經濟,勢把放緩的經濟推進衰退,香港恐難置身事外。 美國眾議院今早表決七千億美元救市方案,各界預期方案可獲通過,暫穩崩潰邊緣的環球金融體系。然而,縱使方案通過,讓信貸市場解凍,但禍源的美國樓價下跌遠未完結,金融業互信仍然薄弱,信貸緊縮恐仍持續,歐美銀行同業拆息過去兩周不斷升,香港拆息亦見扯高,導致金管局出五招助紓緩。 銀行因互不信任,同業間不願拆借,令同業拆息高企,看似與一般市民無關,因市民並不會在銀行同業拆借市場借錢,但銀行乃百業之母,若同業拆借市場停頓,令資金難以流向各經濟環節,便如人體的心臟轉弱,向各器官泵輸血液急減,性命瀕危。 事實上,銀行同業拆息高企凸顯的信貸緊張,已燒至消費與投資等實體經濟環節,且打擊日益增強。 消費方面,美國九月汽車銷售量按年暴跌兩成七,原因不單是消費者購車意慾下降,還因即使美國人願買車,但銀行收緊信貸,令他們無法借錢付款。此令本已財務不穩的美國三大車廠,向美國政府求救。 投資方面,銀行收緊信貸固令中小企欠資金投資,即使巨無霸兼業務穩健如快餐連鎖店麥當勞,據報在美國亦碰上信貸阻礙,被迫放慢全國咖啡專櫃擴張計劃。
何況,信貸緊張不只在銀行業,企業用以周轉流動資金的商業票據市場亦正收縮、利率上揚,令美國企業在流動資金上亦飽受壓力,遑論進一步投資。 美國經過數年的經濟泡沫,本已進入放緩調整期,金融海嘯加劇信心危機與信貸緊縮,很可能成為壓斷駱駝背的最後一根稻草,將美國經濟推進衰退,拖累全球。

香港難存僥倖 要作嚴冬準備
更不能忽視的,是美國信貸緊縮已不單蔓延歐洲,更已燒往南美洲與亞洲,可說環球無淨土,此無疑對步向不景的環球經濟,再狠踩一腳,令一隻腳已踏入衰退的歐洲、日本等雪上加霜。
金融海嘯催生全球經濟衰退,香港是高度開放的小型經濟體,恐難倖免,港府與市民要作好抵禦寒冬準備。


摩通料港經濟 本季陷衰退
2008年10月4日 星期六
全球金融市場陷入混亂之際,證券商花旗和摩根大通近日先後預測,本港已步入或將於第四季步入衰退。
摩根大通昨並將本港今、明年實質經濟增長預測,調低至3.5%及1.8%,為市場最悲觀的預測。
估末季起 連續兩季負增長
按照一般定義,連續兩季出現按季經濟負增長,便屬「衰退」。以本港情況而言,第二季本地生產總值(GDP)按季已錄得負增長1.4%,摩通中國經濟師王黔昨估計,本港經濟上季或有輕微反彈,估計按季增長為0.2%,不過,第四季和明年首季將再度跌至負增長,分別錄得負增長1%及0.5%,換言之,今年第四季正式陷入衰退。
另一方面,花旗則估計,本港或已步入衰退。
摩通昨將本港明年經濟增長預測,由原來的4.5%大幅調降至只有1.8%,為自2002年以來最低增長,也遠低於本港過去20年的平均增長率4.4%。摩通解釋,下調本港增長預測,主要是配合該行預測,美國將於今年第四季或明年首季步入衰退。
該行表示,全球經濟日趨接近衰退,加上預期中國的商品出口增長大幅放緩,令作為地區貿易中轉港的香港受累;此外,本港股市及樓市下跌,產生負財富效應、利率上升及就業市場疲弱等,均產生不利影響。
高盛估今年增長放緩至4.2%
不過,摩通估計,是次衰退只屬溫和,除通脹壓力開始紓緩,可望令購買力被擠壓情況逐步減退;其次,港元在實質有效滙率的基礎上隨美元反彈,亦有助遏抑輸入通脹。
此外,該行估計年底前美國將減息0.5厘,加上政府的財政支持、基建投資等,均可望提供緩衝。
另一方面,高盛重申,預測本港下半年增長由上半年的近6%,降至3%以下,全年增長估計由去年的6.4%,放緩至4.2%,2009年則為4%。



Wall Street Journal
OCTOBER 4, 2008
Smaller Hedge Funds Struggle As Money Pipeline Dries Up
Day of Reckoning Arrives Fast for Some Sellers

By JENNY STRASBURG


Mark Sellers III's hedge-fund career peaked this summer about the time he turned 40. Then it cratered. Mr. Sellers, who once managed close to $300 million, is shutting his Chicago-based firm and retiring, at least until his distaste for the pressures of managing other people's money subsides.
"What I've learned about the hedge-fund business is that I hate it," says Mr. Sellers, a former stock analyst with Morningstar. "I have enough money that I don't have to work, and why should I put myself under that much stress?"

The past year has been brutal for hedge funds, and September looks to be the worst month in a decade in the industry, according to Hennessee Group, which advises hedge-fund investors. Funds of all sizes have been battered, but the bigger players can often endure rough times.
The day of reckoning can arrive remarkably fast for managers with assets under the half-billion-dollar mark, like Mr. Sellers, who started July with performance up 50% on the year but by the end of last month was down 20%.
"There are real questions about who can stay in business," says Andrew Fishman, president of Shonfeld Group, a New York brokerage and trading firm whose hedge-fund clients range from about $200 million to $3 billion in assets. The most vulnerable are under $1 billion, he says. "There are guys who should not have been in business, and this will force them out, but guys don't want to give up easily."
Smaller hedge funds have advantages, such as being nimble in shifting markets. But they also have their burdens. Many are unable to attract big institutional investors such as pension funds and endowments, which are less likely to flee when times get tough. Institutions have poured so much money into hedge funds that total assets under management surged fivefold this decade to about $2 trillion this year, according to Hedge Fund Research Inc.
But most of the big money lately has gone to multibillion-dollar funds.
Smaller hedge funds are the most likely to fail in today's markets, industry experts say. They often have shorter track records, and their overhead expenses eat up more of the fees they collect, leaving less wiggle room when profits decline. A lot of smaller managers hoped to increase their funds' size this year by attracting new money, but as the economy declined, that pipeline dried up.
Three-fourths of the estimated 10,000 hedge funds globally have less than $500 million in assets, according to Hedge Fund Research.
"Smaller shops have pluses and minuses," says Colby Harlow, 30, who oversees $150 million in stock investments at Harlow Capital Management LLC in Dallas.
"One of the drags on you is you have to figure out everything yourself." Last month, for example, he says, that meant going from being aggressively short financial stocks (betting that they would fall) one day to waking up and complying with short-selling restrictions handed down by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Mr. Harlow's fund finished September up about 5% so far this year, according to an investor. It's a lean operation catering mostly to rich, or "high net worth," investors. Mr. Harlow does the trading. He has an administrative assistant and a marketing person.
Bloomberg News/Landov
Mark Sellers III, of Sellers Capital, is closing his fund.
Much of the money coming out of hedge funds right now belongs to wealthy individuals, who are the bread and butter of many smaller funds. Some of these clients are first-time hedge-fund investors, who put money with former Wall Street traders now running small hedge funds. In a trend that is hurting funds big and small, some wealthy investors made their foray through what are called "funds of hedge funds," which can collect money from hundreds of clients and charge a fee to pick managers for them.
These funds-of-funds, as a whole, have lost more money this year than the average hedge fund industrywide, so they're seeing big withdrawals. In Mr. Sellers's case, his fund had profited handsomely since 2003 by taking concentrated stakes in companies on the rise.
The summer was rough, but September was really "ridiculous," he says. Mr. Sellers contends that he probably could be riding out this year's storm if his client base included bigger, less-skittish clients. But institutions wouldn't allocate to him because he has had substantial swings in performance, even during years he has finished with gains of 20% or 50%.
"The institutions, I think they understand my strategy, it's just that they can't deal with the volatility," he says. "This intense aversion to volatility makes managers make bad decisions."
As his numbers got worse, he decided that enough investors would want to pull money out and that holding on until some of his biggest investments rebounded wasn't plausible, or attractive on a personal level. He's considering taking a couple of years to write a book about investing.
"The deciding factor was in early September, when I had to cancel a trip to Alaska which my wife and I had been looking forward to for a long time, because I couldn't be away from the office during such a tumultuous period," Mr. Sellers told investors in a Sept. 18 letter disclosing his plans. "I have found myself neglecting my personal life (friends, family) in order to put 100% of my energy into managing the fund. I can't continue to do that; it isn't healthy."
Mr. Sellers's fund now holds just two stocks -- the biggest by far being Contango Oil & Gas Co., which has lost half of its value since June. He's staying with those in hopes they'll rebound.
"It has been kind of fun to watch it -- the stock price, it's so ridiculous," says Mr. Sellers. "Well, it's not so fun for the other investors."—Gregory Zuckerman and Cassell Bryan-Low contributed to this article.